The Common Long Term Complications Of Diabetes Mellitus

One of the most common long-term complications of diabetes mellitus is painful neuropathy. Diabetic neuropathy is estimated to affect about 60-70% of all diabetes patients and can lead to foot ulcers, amputations, and decreased quality of life. The most common form is chronic peripheral neuropathy which results in pain and numbness in the extremities, usually described as a burning, tingling, or steady aching pain.1 Patients may also feel increased sensitivity to pain or experience paresthesia, a sensation of tingling, tickling, or prickling of the skin.1 According to current guidelines, intensive glycemic control is very important for the prevention and reduction of peripheral neuropathy and other microvascular complications.1,2 Medications used to help relieve nerve pain include duloxetine and pregabalin (Lyrica ®), which are both approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for use in diabetic neuropathy. Other drug classes commonly used are antidepressants, anticonvulsants , and opioids.3 Although there are many medications used for this condition, pain relief is often insufficient for patients. Treatment is difficult due to the complicated pathophysiology of pain transmission and the wide range of mechanisms of action of drugs used to treat pain. Therefore, there is a continued need for additional medication options for this chronic painful condition. Lacosamide is an anticonvulsant approved for use as monotherapy or adjunctive therapy for partial-onset seizures.Show MoreRelatedDiabetes Mellitus As A Disability1555 Words   |  7 PagesThe amount of patients being diagnosed with Diabetes Mellitus has sky-rocketed these past few years. ‘†In 2010 the figures were 25.8 million and 8.3%†Ã¢â‚¬  and has increased in ‘†2012 to 29.1 million Americans, or 9.3%.†(American Diabetes Association, 2014); it is seen nationwide, and has now even begun to affect our youth. In South Texas Diabetes Mellitus seems to be the number o ne thriving disease affecting its general population. Diabetes Mellitus is now one of the most widely known diseases thatRead MoreEssay on Diabetes Mellitus1381 Words   |  6 Pages1. Discuss the pathophysiology of Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic condition in which the body has the inability to produce insulin or react normally to insulin. The pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus is extremely complex, as diabetes mellitus is characterized by different types but share common symptoms and complications. Diabetes mellitus is classified in two types: Type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Although the disease is characterized by different etiologiesRead MoreA Short Note On Diabetes Mellitus And Diabetes1738 Words   |  7 PagesDIABETES MELLITUS 1 Emily Marroquin MED 2056 Diabetes Mellitus Instructor Michela Leytham 12/3/14 DIABETES MELLITUS 2 In 2012 29.1 million Americans had diabetes of those 29.1 million, 21.0 million were diagnosed and 8.1 million were undiagnosed. What isRead MoreWhat is Diabetes Mellitus? Essay655 Words   |  3 PagesWhat is Diabetes Mellitus? Diabetes is a very common disorder. It is the 8th leading cause of death worldwide. It is projected that the number of individuals with diabetes will almost double by 2030. Diabetes mellitus is a disorder characterized by abnormalities in carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism. The most common feature seen in diabetes is increased blood glucose levels. The main reason for this is either a decreased/ absent insulin production or resistance of the body to the action ofRead MoreDiabetes Mellitus And The Long Term Complications1385 Words   |  6 Pagespaper is to give a general idea of diabetes mellitus, epidemiology, role factors and complications that arise from it, comparing and exhibiting the distinctions between type I type II diabetes, the people who are in jeopardy of developing diabetic renal diseases and hypertension due to the complications identifying the general pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus the long term complications that may transpire. Epidemiology of Diabetes Mellitus Diabetes Mellitus is one of the very prevalent metabolicRead More Diabetes Mellitus Essay examples1745 Words   |  7 PagesDiabetes mellitus (DM) or simply diabetes, is a chronic health condition in which the body either fails to produce the amount of insulin needed or it responds inadequately to the insulin secreted by the pancreas. The three primary types of diabetes are: Diabetes Type 1 and 2, and during some pregnancies, Gestational diabetes. The clichà © for all three types of diabetes is high glucose blood levels or hyperglycemia. The pathophysiology of all types of diabetes mellitus is related to the hormone insulinRead MoreInvestigating The Serum Glucose Tests Used For Diabetes Mellitus : Fasting, Postprandial, And Oral Glucose Tolerance Test1450 Words   |  6 Pagesthe following serum glucose tests used to help diagnose diabetes mellitus: fasting, postprandial, and oral glucose tolerance test. Diabetes Mellitus is an endocrine disorder characterised by the body’s inability to produce insulin or the ineffective use of insulin present in the body. The major classifications include type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes (Day, Paul, Williams, 2016). While early signs and symptoms of diabetes mellitus may be present in individuals, the healthcare provider mustRead MoreDiabetes : A Common Chronic Disease878 Words   |  4 PagesDiabetes is a common chronic disease that causes problems in the way the blood uses food. The inability of the body to transform the sugar into energy is called diabetes. Glucose is the primary source of fuel for our body. When foods were digested, some of those foods were converted into glucose. Glucose then is transferred into the bloodstream and is used by cells for energy. However, for the glucose to be transferred from the blood into the cells; insulin, which was produced by the beta cellsRead MoreDiabetes Mellitus ( Dm ) Or Type 2 Di abetes1398 Words   |  6 PagesDiabetes Mellitus (DM) or Type 2 Diabetes is seen as a metabolic disease that is categorized by abnormally high blood glucose or hyperglycemia. Diabetes Mellitus is also formerly known as noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and is the most common form of diabetes that is seen. Insulin is a hormone that is supplied to the body that allows us to efficiently use glucose as fuel. When carbohydrates are broken down into sugars in the stomach glucose enters the blood circulation simulating the pancreasRead MoreDiabetes : A Common Chronic Disease1230 Words   |  5 PagesDiabetes is a common chronic disease that causes problems in the way the blood uses food. The inability of the body to transform the sugar into energy is called diabetes. Glucose, a simple sugar, is the primary source of fuel for our bodies. When food is digested, some of the food will be converted into glucose which is then transferred from the blood into the cells however, insulin, which is produced by beta cells in the pancreas is needed. In individuals with diabetes, this process is impaired

Characters in Animal Farm by George Orwell, Questions and...

COMPREHENSION QUESTIONS: 1) How is your first impression of; Old Major: He is a powerful and persuasive character and can be directed as the leader of the pack. â€Å"It is not crystal clear, comrades, that all the evils of this life of ours spring from the tyranny of human beings?† This is where it all began with his solution to overpower man which would result in equality with all the animals showing his enthusiasm and impeccable mental, persuasive power. Boxer: Is a cart-horse, who has incredible strength, dedication and loyalty to show the type of character he portrays to be also shown in the quote â€Å"an enormous beast, nearly eighteen hands high, and as strong as any two ordinary horses put together†. He is one who can†¦show more content†¦Intelligent, passionate, a lot less devious than Napoleon. â€Å"He’s a more vivacious pig than Napoleon, quicker in speech and more inventive, but was not considered to have the same depth of character†. He is also given the morals of being one step ah ead of all the other animals in an intellectual sense. †¢ Napoleon: He is given the trait of looking fierce and he’s given a reputation for getting things his way. â€Å"A large, rather fierce looking boar, not much of a talker, but has a reputation of getting his way† this describes the power and legacy napoleon is carrying. †¢ Squealer: Is a magnificent talker who knows what to say and the right times, he was also know for the ability he had to turn â€Å"black to white† which alone is showing how intelligent and imaginative this pig is. †¢ Moses: Is the raven that spreads most of the stories on the farm. Seems more of a religious figure and shares the knowledge of the afterlife. He famously quotes â€Å"Our labour and suffering will come to an end and we’ll all live happily after†. 7) What actually brought about the rebellion? The rebellion first started when the animals were disgruntled by their treatment as Jones was depressed and started drinking due to a lawsuit. â€Å"Mr. Jones of the Manor Farm, had locked the hen-houses for the night, but was too drunk to remember to shut the pop holes†. This changed the attitude towards everyoneShow MoreRelatedSymbolism, And Imagery In George Orwells Animal Farm1165 Words   |  5 PagesAs a boy, George Orwell felt as if he was alone. He described his school as split into distinct classes. â€Å"There are minority with an aristocratic or millionaire background, there were children of the ordinary suburban rich, who made up the bulk of the school, and there were a few underlings like myself†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (pg. 43 Orwell). Later on, he fought in the Civil War, and then went to become a radio announcer for World War 2. His life experiences inspired â€Å"The Animal Farm†. George Orwell integrated imageryRead MoreGeorge Orwell s Animal Farm1360 Word s   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Literature is the question minus the answer.† In George Orwell’s â€Å"Animal Farm†, the author raises the question whether the type of government, communism, is feasible in a community without leading to a type of dictatorship or totalitarianism. Orwell presents the idea that communism is a good idea in theory, but it always leads to corruption by the people who take power. The author presents the novel as an entertaining fable featuring an animal revolution; however, beneath this storyline Orwell utilizes literaryRead MoreAnimal Farm And 19841457 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿ George Orwell s views on totalitarian governments were not concealed from public view. He expressed his thoughts and opinions through his books. Among these books were Nineteen - Eighty -Four and Animal Farm, which were his works that most obviously portrayed his disfavor for totalitarian governments. Totalitarian governments are controlled by political authorities who have control of all aspects of society. Nineteen-Eighty-Four and Animal Farm are two different books that have different waysRead MoreGeorge Orwell Research Paper2355 Words   |  10 PagesGeorge Orwell: The Prophesier George Orwell once said, â€Å"freedom is the right to tell people what they do not want to hear†, that, essentially, â€Å"speaking the truth in times of universal deceit is a revolutionary act†. (â€Å"George Orwell†) Orwell’s words reveal his political views in the absolute truest form. His uninhibited writing style forced readers to not only to listen what he had to say, but to also recognize his writing as the truth. Although his veracity was supposed to be accepted withoutRead MoreAnimal Farm Comparative Essay1731 Words   |  7 PagesTwo individuals may seem similar in appearance and outward self but it’s the inner character and diverse qualities of a person that distinguishes between two people. Many have the notion to think that since two people have the same outward identity then both will get along and be the best of friends, however, this is where the dilemma arises. George Orwell, an author of Animal Farm writes a tale about two pig s by the name of Snowball and Napoleon and how their bond destroys through disagreementsRead MoreAnimal Farm Rhetorical Analysis1591 Words   |  7 PagesIn the novella Animal Farm, the timeline of early 1900s Russia unfolds in an allegory, with revolutionists Vladimir Lenin and Karl Marx sparking a rebellion against Czar Nicholas II. Subsequently, a social democratic party known as the Bolsheviks overthrew the czar, aided by two significant leaders: Leon Trotsky and Joseph Stalin. Even so, the newfound ideology of communism that Stalin introduced and quickly corrupted through propaganda proved to be just as oppressive as the reign of Nicholas IIRead MoreMarxist Criticism Is Always Concerned with the Class Struggle in History.1525 Words   |  7 Pagesbring about a classless society. Thus the reason I chose to study George Orwells Animal Farm is because its characters share (originally) this same ambition. Animal Farm represents the oppressed masses rising up and forming a classle ss society of their own. While offering a critique of communism in general, the book also serves to act as a mirror of Soviet Russia under Stalin. As reflected throughout the text, it was no secret Orwell considered Russia, and consequently Communism, a counter-revolutionaryRead MoreSimilarities Between The Truman Show And Animal Farm1717 Words   |  7 Pageslead a good life without stripping others of their own? The answers to these questions must be known if we want to lead a good, functioning society today and the answers can be found in the book, Animal Farm, written by George Orwell and the movie, The Truman Show, directed by Peter Weir. Both fictional stories help us understand where we need to set boundaries in our lives and how to work in harmony with others. Animal farm is about animals over throwing an abusive farmer and running their own societyRead MoreGeorge Orwells Animal Farm and Napoleons Power Essay2344 Words   |  10 Pages amp;#8220;Outline the ways in which Napoleon obtained and maintained power on Animal Farm. What message is Orwell conveying to the reader through these processes?; nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;There are many ways in which Napoleon obtains and maintains power on Animal Farm. Napoleon obtains power fundamentally by elimination of all opposing him. He obtains and maintains power by turning other animals weaknesses into his opportunities. He also uses his education and knowledge to obtain and maintainRead MoreThe Best Paper Evvver1898 Words   |  8 Pagesgreed and pride and it is impossible to keep reality from creeping into the picture. Animal Farm By George Orwell 1) Why did Orwell write Animal Farm? Orwell wrote Animal Farm to prove that the system of democracy always turns back into dictatorship and the cycle always begins again and keeps going. 2) Why did Orwell use farm animals in the book instead of people? Orwell used farm animals because they have a much simpler mind and thought process and have less complicated feelings

Business Finance Free Essays

Multinational Business Finance, 12e (Eiteman, et al) Chapter 1 Globalization and the Multinational Enterprise 1. 1 Globalization and Creating Value in the Multinational Enterprise Multiple Choice 1) Which of the following are critical to a firm trying to reach the top of the â€Å"firm value pyramid†? A) An open market place. B) High quality strategic management. We will write a custom essay sample on Business Finance or any similar topic only for you Order Now C) Access to capital. D) all of the above Answer: A Diff: 2 Topic: 1. 1 Globalization and Creating Value in the Multinational Enterprise Skill: Conceptual 2) A well-established, large U. S. -based MNE will probably NOT be able to overcome which of the following obstacles to maximizing firm value? A) An open market place. B) High quality strategic management. C) Access to capital. D) none of the above Answer: D Diff: 2 Topic: 1. 1 Globalization and Creating Value in the Multinational Enterprise Skill: Recognition 3) A well-established, large China-based MNE will probably be most adversely affected by which of the following elements of firm value? A) An open marketplace. B) High-quality strategic management. C) Access to capital. D) Access to qualified labor pool. Answer: A Diff: 2 Topic: 1. 1 Globalization and Creating Value in the Multinational Enterprise Skill: Conceptual 4) A well-established, large, Brazil-based MNE will probably be most adversely affected by which of the following elements of firm value? A) An open marketplace. B) High-quality strategic management. C) Access to capital. D) Access to qualified labor pool. Answer: C Diff: 2 Topic: 1. 1 Globalization and Creating Value in the Multinational Enterprise Skill: Conceptual True/False ) Three necessary conditions for a firm to reach the top of the â€Å"firm value pyramid† are an open market place, high quality strategic management, and access to capital. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Topic: 1. 1 Globalization and Creating Value in the Multinational Enterprise Skill: Conceptual 2) Comparative advantage is one of the underlying principles driving the growth of global business. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Topic: 1. 1 Globalization and Creating Value in the Multinational Enterprise Skill: Recognition Essay 1) List and explain three strategic motives why firms become multinationals and give an example of each. Answer: The authors provide 5 strategic motives for firms to become multinationals: market seekers, raw materials seekers, production efficiency seekers, knowledge seekers, and political safety seekers. Market seekers are looking for more consumers for their products such as automobiles or steel. Knowledge seekers may be looking for an educated work force similar to the way firms seeking R and D set up shop in university towns. Raw materials seekers may be after commodities such as oil or copper. Production efficiencies may occur in countries like Mexico that have capable workers and lower wages. Political safety seekers are looking for countries that will not expropriate their assets, so they may stay away from countries that in the post have engaged in such activities. Diff: 3 Topic: 1. 1 Globalization and Creating Value in the Multinational Enterprise Skill: Conceptual 1. 2 The Theory of Comparative Advantage Multiple Choice 1) The theory that suggests specialization by country can increase worldwide production is ________. A) the theory of comparative advantage B) the theory of foreign direct investment C) the international Fisher effect D) the theory of working capital management Answer: A Diff: 2 Topic: 1. 2 The Theory of Comparative Advantage Skill: Recognition 2) Which of the following is NOT a reason governments interfere with comparative advantage? A) Governments attempt to achieve full employment. B) Governments promote economic development. C) National self-sufficiency in defense-related industries. D) All are reasons governments interfere with comparative advantage. Answer: D Diff: 2 Topic: 1. 2 The Theory of Comparative Advantage Skill: Recognition 3) Which of the following factors of production DO NOT flow freely between countries? A) Raw materials B) Financial capital C) (Non-military) Technology D) All of the above factors of production flow freely among countries. Answer: A Diff: 1 Topic: 1. 2 The Theory of Comparative Advantage Skill: Recognition 4) Which of the following would NOT be a way to implement comparative advantage? A) IBM exports computers to Egypt. B) Computer hardware is designed in the United States but manufactured and assembled in Korea. C) Water of the greatest purity is obtained from wells in Oregon, bottled, and exported worldwide. D) All of the above are examples of ways to implement comparative advantage. Answer: D Diff: 2 Topic: 1. 2 The Theory of Comparative Advantage Skill: Conceptual 5) Of the following, which would NOT be considered a way that government interferes with comparative advantage? A) Tariffs. B) Managerial skills. C) Quotas. D) Other non-tariff restrictions. Answer: B Diff: 2 Topic: 1. 2 The Theory of Comparative Advantage Skill: Recognition True/False 1) The theory of comparative advantage owes it origins to Ben Bernanke as described in his book The Wealth of Bankers. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Topic: 1. 2 The Theory of Comparative Advantage Skill: Recognition ) International trade might have approached the comparative advantage model in the 19th century, and it does so even more today. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Topic: 1. 2 The Theory of Comparative Advantage Skill: Conceptual 3) Comparative advantage shifts over time as less developed countries become more developed and realize their latent opportunities. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Topic: 1. 2 The Theory of Comparative Advantage S kill: Recognition 4) Comparative advantage in the 21st century is based more on services and their cross border facilitation by telecommunications and the Internet. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Topic: 1. 2 The Theory of Comparative Advantage Skill: Recognition 5) Comparative advantage was once the cornerstone of international trade theory, but today it is archaic, simplistic, and irrelevant for explaining investment choices made by MNEs. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Topic: 1. 2 The Theory of Comparative Advantage Skill: Recognition 1. 3 What Is Different about Global Financial Management? Multiple Choice 1) Which of the following domestic financial instruments have NOT been modified for use in international financial management? A) Currency options and futures. B) Interest rate and currency swaps. C) Letters of credit. D) All of the above are domestic financial instruments that have also been modified for use in international financial markets. Answer: D Diff: 2 Topic: 1. 3 What Is Different about Global Financial Management? Skill: Recognition True/False 1) MNEs must modify finance theories like cost of capital and capital budgeting because of foreign complexities. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Topic: 1. 3 What Is Different about Global Financial Management? Skill: Recognition 1. 4 Market Imperfections: A Rationale for the Existence of the Multinational Firm Multiple Choice 1) In determining why a firm becomes multinational there are many reasons. One reason is that the firm is a market seeker. Which of the following is NOT a reason why market seeking firms produce in foreign countries? A) Satisfaction of local demand in the foreign country. B) Satisfaction of local demand in the domestic markets. C) Political safely and small likelihood of government expropriation of assets. D) All of the above are market-seeking activities. Answer: C Diff: 2 Topic: 1. 4 Market Imperfections: A Rationale for the Existence of the Multinational Firm Skill: Recognition ) ________ investments are designed to promote and enhance the growth and profitability of the firm. ________ investments are designed to deny those same opportunities to the firm’s competitors. A) Conservative; Aggressive B) Defensive; Proactive C) Proactive; Defensive D) Aggressive; Proactive Answer: C Diff: 2 Topic: 1. 4 Market Imperfections: A Rationale for the Existence of the Mu ltinational Firm Skill: Recognition True/False 1) For firms competing in a world characterized by oligopolistic competition, strategic motives can be subdivided into proactive and defensive investments. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Topic: 1. 4 Market Imperfections: A Rationale for the Existence of the Multinational Firm Skill: Recognition 2) Defensive measures are designed to enhance growth and profitability of the firm itself. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Topic: 1. 4 Market Imperfections: A Rationale for the Existence of the Multinational Firm Skill: Recognition 1. 5 The Globalization Process Multiple Choice 1) The phase of the globalization process characterized by imports from foreign suppliers and exports to foreign buyers is called the A) domestic phase. B) multinational phase. C) international trade phase. D) import-export banking phase. Answer: C Diff: 2 Topic: 1. 5 The Globalization Process Skill: Recognition 2) The authors describe the multinational phase of globalization for a firm as one characterized by the A) ownership of assets and enterprises in foreign countries. B) potential for international competitors or suppliers even though all accounts are with domestic firms and are denominated in dollars. C) imports from foreign suppliers and exports to foreign buyers. D) requirement that all employees be multilingual. Answer: A Diff: 2 Topic: 1. 5 The Globalization Process Skill: Recognition ) A firm in the International Trade Phase of Globalization A) makes all foreign payments in foreign currency units and all foreign receipts in domestic currency units. B) receives all foreign receipts in foreign currency units and makes all foreign payments in domestic currency units. C) bears direct foreign exchange risk. D) none of the above Answer: C Diff: 2 Topic: 1. 5 The Globalization Proc ess Skill: Conceptual 4) Of the following, which was NOT mentioned by the authors as an increase in the demands of financial management services due to increased globalization by the firm? A) Evaluation of the credit quality of foreign buyers and sellers. B) Foreign consumer method of payment preferences. C) Credit risk management. D) Evaluation of foreign exchange risk. Answer: B Diff: 2 Topic: 1. 5 The Globalization Process Skill: Recognition 5) Of the following, which was NOT mentioned by the authors as an increase in the demands of financial management services due to increased globalization by the firm? A) Evaluation of the credit quality of foreign buyers and sellers. B) Foreign consumer method of payment preferences. C) Credit risk management. D) Evaluation of foreign exchange risk. Answer: B Diff: 2 Topic: 1. 5 The Globalization Process Skill: Recognition 6) The authors describe the multinational phase of globalization for a firm as one characterized by the A) ownership of assets and enterprises in foreign countries. B) potential for international competitors or suppliers even though all accounts are with domestic firms and are denominated in dollars. C) imports from foreign suppliers and exports to foreign buyers. D) requirement that all employees be multilingual. Answer: A Diff: 2 Topic: 1. 5 The Globalization Process Skill: Recognition 7) The twin agency problems limiting financial globalization are caused by these two groups acting in their own self-interests rather than the interests of the firm. A) Rulers of sovereign states and unsavory customs officials. B) Corporate insiders and attorneys. C) Corporate insiders and rulers of sovereign states. D) Attorneys and unsavory customs officials. Answer: C Diff: 2 Topic: 1. 5 The Globalization Process Skill: Recognition True/False 1) Typically, a firm in its domestic stage of globalization has all financial transactions in its domestic currency. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Topic: 1. 5 The Globalization Process Skill: Conceptual 2) Typically, a â€Å"greenfield† investment abroad is considered a greater foreign investment having a greater foreign presence than a joint venture with a foreign firm. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Topic: 1. 5 The Globalization Process Skill: Recognition 3) The authors argue that financial inefficiency caused by influential insiders may prove to be an increasingly troublesome barrier to international finance. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Topic: 1. 5 The Globalization Process Skill: Conceptual How to cite Business Finance, Papers

Turkeys Currency And The European Union

Question: Describe about the Turkeys Currency And The European Union. Answer: The decision of cooperation with regard to Turkeys attainment of European Union (EU) was continuing since last 50 years in different form of partnership between them. The primary part of this negotiation was depended on the increased trade and economic coordination between Turkey and EU. Since 1963, Turkey is been the associate member of EU and officially it was the membership candidate of European Union since 1999. On December 2004, the Council of Europe planned to negotiate with regard to Turkish attainment to the European Union on October 2005. The decision taken by EU motivated intense response all around the political forces and among all the citizens of Europe. The argument related to Turkeys attainment was very intense as compared to the environment in which the cooperation started. This paper discusses about the impact of Turkeys membership into the European Union (EU) on the economy of the country and the impacts on Turkey from the currencys point of view. The impact of Turkeys membership into the European Union (EU) on the economy of the country and the EU is still under sudden debate. Turkey is associated with a large number of trade activities with the members of the EU. In fact, Europe is the largest trading partner of Turkey. During the year 1999, 54% of Turkishs exports and 53% of Turkishs imports went to and came from the EU countries only. In this context, Cengiz and Hoffmann (2013) stated that around 54% of the Turkeys official reserves comprises of Euro with eleven currencies and the euro itself. On the other hand, foreign exchange deposits related to workers of Turkey in other nations and those held in the Central Bank of Turkey is estimated to be around 11 billion euros. From the perspectives of debts, the total external debts amounts to around USD 106 billion out of which around 34% are in Euro with 11 currencies and the euros itself. On the other hand, around 60% of the direct foreign investments in Turkey did come from Europe during the past five years. The above data clearly indicates the strong relationship between Turkey and the EU nations also highlights the role of euro in Turkey. In the view of ni? (2014), with regard to the economy of Turkey, considering the width and depth of Turkeys association with the EU, there is very little doubt that the creation of the European currency and euro would have a strong impact on the Turkish economy in future. If it is assumed that euro as a currency is acceptable to global financial markets as a strong reserve currency then in both long term and medium period in future the share of euro as a currency in the financial accounts of Turkey is likely to increase. Some economists think that the acceptance of euro in both the regular life and monetary transactions in Turkey will come faster in the country compared to other nations. This is mainly because of three major reasons as high number of Turkish citizens staying in Europe, high trade volume tourism transactions taking place in the Europe and consistency of deutsche mark for over 20 years.The introduction of euro has resulted in the decrease in transaction costs and elim inated the risks associated with volatility of currencies. This further increases the incentives in relation to the capital markets of Europe to depend heavily on direct financing. In addition, an efficient and liquid bond market of euro is expected to be popular among the private bond issuers Turkish sovereign. Rising acceptance of the euros in financial transactions and trade in Turkey is combined with an environment of low inflation would make direct investments in the country more attractive to the EU. Rising acceptance of the euros in financial transactions and trade in Turkey however this is combined with an environment of low inflation would make direct investments in the country more attractive to the EU. In this context, Startin and Krouwel (2013) expressed that with the increasing acceptability of euros both European and Turkish banks are expected to raise their merger acquisition activities. The success over here would still depend on the acceptance of the new currency by the people of EMU along with other nations. The quicker this acceptance is achieved, higher would be the strength of the euro as a currency in both longer and short-term period. Here, depreciation of the euro against the USD has badly affected the confidence of people in euro (AydIn-Dtizgit and Keyman, 2013). Here, it is a good time to explain the way in which variability in euro/dollarcurrency rate has impacted the economy of Turkey. A poor valuation of currency euro might impact the economy of Turkey in two major ways. Firstly, because of the role of euro in the new currencysystem of Turkey and secondly, by thehigh share of EU countries in the international trade. During the start of the year 2000, a comprehensive program for disinflation was launched in Turkey on the basis of a pre-declaredroute of the lira as against a specific basket currency which consisted of 1.00 USD + 0.77 Euros (Bulmer and Lequesne, 2013). This program has been quite successful in the country in reducing the inflation rate. However, fast appreciation of the USD against that of euro as a currency in global markets have somehow badly affected the impact of basket of exchange rate on the rate of inflation. Also, chances of Turkish lira regarding depreciation are quite high as well. On the other hand, the portfolio in Turkish economy has great impact on EU if the euro is valued at low level. During the end of September of 2000, the total amount of foreign deposits in the commercial banks of Turkey had amounted to around USD 43 billion out of which around 27% comprises of euros which had already reduced in value by 38.5% since the end of 1998 (Keyman and Iduygu, 2013). However, the share of USD also increased from 558% to 71% during the same period. The ideal of independent or autonomous central banks is one of the core issues for the nations in the EU. Thus, Turkey is currently examining its own banking regulations to identify the things that need to be done to raise the standards of banking system as promulgated by the European system of central banks (Terzi, 2016). The central bank of Turkey has made price stability as the principle goal of monetary policy at present. It is recommended for Turkey to introduce a single currency which would allow it to reap complete benefit from this in the long-run. However, at present, Turkeys currency is mainly concerned with achieving price stability. In this context, Azrout et al. (2013) mentioned that price stability for Turkey can be viewed as a relationship between old expectations associated with euro and potential economic benefit of that could arise from a single currency system. Geographically also, Istanbul lies at the economic heart of Turkey (Noutcheva and Aydin-Dzgit, 2012). This nation is invaluable to bridge the gap between Europe and Asia. Here, unique geo-strategic position of Turkey along with the strength of NATO army could help Turkey in improving the European security system. The coup in 2016 indicates that Turkey is not still matured in terms of European style democracy as its political system is a tussle between Islamists from various groups and overbearing military. Human rights are badly abused in this nation. These issues could lead to get opposed view from public in the EU regarding its membership in the EU. On the other hand, Turkey need to consider certain key economic concerns. Its average GDO growth rate is around 3.5% and the nation was also able to sustain the global recession better than many nations in the EU. The public finances of Turkey are envy to that of Southern Europe (zer, 2016). There has been substantial increase in the per capita income of the country by six fold and in fact on an average, a Turk is much better off than counterparts in Bulgaria and Roman. However, bringing such a dynamo could inject new life to the economy of EU along with adding 75 million customers to the single market. From the above discussions, it can be concluded that the negation between Turkey and and EU will have considerable impact on its economic condition but it is controllable and it is far less as compared to the enlargement of Eastern European countries. If it is considered that as a currency Euro is acceptable in financial markets globally, as a tough reserve exchange then for long period and short period in future the euros share as an exchange in the financial accounts of Turkey is likely to increase. Some economists also feel that the acceptance of euro in monetary transactions of Turkey will come faster in the country compared to other country. It will also facilitate the free trade between Turkey and EU. However, it is advised to introduce a single currency so that stability can be achieved in the currency term and indication of debt can be recovered. Further, it will help to create the freedom factor related to capital, goods, labor and services with few special measures and tran sitional arrangements. Reference List: AydIn-Dtizgit, S. and Keyman, E.F. (2013). EU-Turkey relations and the stagnation of Turkish democracy.Global Turkey in Europe: Political, Economic, and Foreign Policy Dimensions of Turkey's Evolving Relationship with the EU,9, 103. Azrout, R., van Spanje, J. and de Vreese, C. (2013). A threat called Turkey: Perceived religious threat and support for EU entry of Croatia, Switzerland and Turkey.ActaPolitica,48(1), 2-21. Bulmer, S. and Lequesne, C. (2013).The member states of the European Union. Oxford University Press. Cengiz, F. and Hoffmann, L. (2013). Rethinking conditionality: Turkey's European Union accession and the Kurdish question.JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies,51(3), 416-432. Keyman, F. and Iduygu, A. (2013).Citizenship in a global world: European questions and Turkish experiences. Routledge. Noutcheva, G. and Aydin-Dzgit, S. (2012). Lost in Europeanisation: The Western Balkans and Turkey.West European Politics,35(1), 59-78. ni?, Z., (2014). Turkey and the Arab revolutions: boundaries of regional power influence in a turbulent Middle East.Mediterranean Politics,19(2), 203-219. zer, Y. (2016).Turkey and the European Union: processes of Europeanisation. Routledge. Startin, N. and Krouwel, A., (2013). Euroscepticism re?galvanized: The Consequences of the 2005 French and Dutch Rejections of the EU Constitution.JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies,51(1), 65-84. Terzi, . (2016).The influence of the European Union on Turkish foreign Policy. Routledge.

Cuban Missle Crisus Essay Example

Cuban Missle Crisus Paper In the beginning, John F. Kennedys invasion of Cuba seemed as though it would be a major victory for the United States.Kennedys involvement in Cuba soon turned into a crisis, not only with Cuba, but also with the Soviet Union.Although there was no real evidence that the U.S. would be successful at the Playa Giron (Bay of Pigs), Kennedy went ahead and approved the mission anyway.At Vienna, President Kennedy admitted he had made a mistake at the Bay of Pigs; he did not promise that he would not attempt another air strike or invasion. Tensions arose with the Soviet Union when missiles were sent into Cuba, ninety miles off the shore of Florida.Fearful of another attack on Cuba, the Soviet Union set up these missiles in Cuba for two reasons.One was a defense against the United States, and another was to redress the strategic balance by locating missiles close to America. The mistake of John F. Kennedy at the Bay of Pigs caused tensions among the Soviet Union, Cub! a and the United States, which eventually led to the Cuban Missile Crisis. Hostility between the U.S. and Cuba began with provisions of the Agrarian Reform Act.These provisions resulted in unreasonable investments for American businesses in Cuba.Had the U.S. government recognized the imperative necessity of the reforms, and offered Cuba financial aid, the break in relations could easily have been avoided. Soon after taking the Presidency in 1961, John F. Kennedy gave final approval for what would become known as the Bay of Pigs. This came out of the fear of a Third World Communist expansion into Cuba, which was only 90 miles from the Florida Keys.The United States used the Anti-Castro Cubans, who fled the island, to form a counterrevolutionary invasion force. Assumption by the CIA that the same Anti-Castro feelings lingered in Cuba gave rise to the thought of air strikes and an invasion, believing th

Fiscal Essay 3 Essay Example

Fiscal Essay 3 Essay Example Fiscal Essay 3 Essay Fiscal Essay 3 Essay Name: Instructor: Course: Date: : Fiscal Essay 3 The report is an annual financial report of the city of Hewitt in Texas. The report includes detailed financial statements that explain the use of the city’s funds. The report is divided into three sections, the introductory section, statistical section and the compliance section. The preparation and compilation of the report was done by the members of the municipal council particularly the financial committee. It was a representation of the city’s spending in the fiscal year ending September 2011. The report fulfilled all the requirements of the city charter for instance; a trusted firm in the city audited the financial documents. This financial report is a significant article as it provides the spending of the city to its citizen’s thus encouraging transparency in the city of Hewitt. As proof of the auditing process, the report contains an independent auditors report. It contains the auditing firm’s sentiments to the concluded process and their findings, as well. This document is detailed and is signed by the head of the auditing firm in order to ensure its authenticity. In the annual report, the management has discussed and analyzed the performance of the city in a section. This section has considered the amount of money they collected and the amount spent in the course of the year. This section is important because it enables the citizens become aware of the progress their city has made in the concluded fiscal year (Lee et al, 125). This section has also highlighted the different kinds of funds the council has. It has explained how they obtain the said funds and how it is utilized in the council and the requirements of the citizens of the city. In addition to the discussions and analysis information, the report also contains thorough financial documents such as the financial statements that display the profits and losses obtained during the year. These documents have compared the fiscal year in question to the previous years. This is crucial since it displays the level of growth the city has achieved compared to the other years. The presence of these records in the annual report is important because it signifies the transparency of the municipal council. If they were not included, the citizens would not have been aware of how their money is spent by the council and it may cause a lot of unrest in the population. Apart from the financial documents, there are also notes that follow them in which each of the tables is explained. This is commendable since not all the citizens will be able to interpret the tables. This is the statistical section of the report. The subsequent explanations are detailed and have been written in simple language, easy to understand. Each table in the report is covered in this section. Apart from this, another section also fully explains the significance of the tables and their impact on the financial standing of the city. At the end of this section, a table shows the financial statements of the last ten years. This table depicts the level of growth the city has experienced in the past ten years. This annual report is very comprehensive and this is a commendable trait. This is because it has provided all the necessary information that pertains to the spending of the city of Hewitt. The provision of the financial statements shows that the municipal council has an element of transparency and honesty in their operations. Other municipal councils should present such reports as well. Lee, Robert D, Ronald W. Johnson, and Philip G. Joyce. Public Budgeting Systems. Sudbury, Mass: Jones and Bartlett, 2008. Print.

Foreign policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Foreign policy - Essay Example Realism was predominant during the Cold War between U.S and Soviet Union and guided the international affairs at the time. Realists are of the view that â€Å"self-interested states compete constantly for power or security† (Walt, 1998, p. 31). States are often in conflict as they struggle for power and dominance in the world order and as long as the balance of power is not maintained, war between powerful states is inevitable. The U.S and Soviet Union during the Cold War were thus fighting for power; U.S wanted to spread capitalism while the Soviet wanted to spread communism and secure its borders.There are various divisions of realism. Classical realists like Hans Morgenthau believe that states innate desire to dominate others is the cause of war while neorealists like Kenneth Waltz believe the reason for war and conflict is that states are just seeking to survive (Walt, 1998 p. 31). Recently new branches of â€Å"defensive† and â€Å"offensive† realists have e merged. Defensive theorists such as Robert Jervis, Jack Snyder and Van Evera believe in power of military in guaranteeing security and for their survival. These states have much faith in military force and exaggerated perceptions of threat thus use force to defend themselves but have no intrinsic interest in military conquest (Walt, 1998 p. 37). Offensive realists like John Mearsheimer on the other hand, believe the conflict arises from state of anarchy. States are thus encouraged to maximize their strengths in preparation for any emergence of revisionist power. This is because realism is based on Marxism which emphasized the role of capitalism in enhancing conflict among nations and whose solution is a revolution. For example, the U.S feels threatened by the rise of China which a socialist nation is and would do anything to maintain its dominant position in international affairs. International organizations such as NATO and UN are only of value if they serve the U.S interests and n ot when trying to equalize affairs among nations. Defensive realist like Evera think that war is not profitable and that in absence of militant forces such as in the post-cold war Europe, there would be peace. However, offensive realists are of the view that great powers are doomed to compete irrespective of internal characteristics hence security competition is inevitable. The U.S role is to act as Global police hence maintain peace in the world. Liberalism Just like realism, its main focus is the states. This theory advocates for cooperation among nations as the only way to end conflicts. Scholars in this field (Michael Doyle & Robert Keohane) do not believe that power is important in international affairs. Instead, they argue for democracy in believe that â€Å"democratic states are inherently more peaceful than authoritarian states† (Walt, 1998 p. 32). The democratic states aspire to be prosperous and as such, avoid being in conflict with each other but rather cooperate for future gains. This was the rationality used by U.S during Cold War to institute democracies all over Europe.

Decision support System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Decision support System - Essay Example Information technology experts are investing heavily in finding out the trends of IT uptake in the business world and utilize this information in key decision making for the organization (Albert & Kenneth, 2004). The demand for IT in businesses increases when customers realize there are programs in the market which are meant to help them avoid errors in decision making which affect their organization negatively through the losses incurred. Application of computers especially for decision support services is broad. There is no area in human existence where right decisions are not important. Whether it is health care settings, not for profit organizations, profit organizations, learning institutions, business organizations and any other place or institution where there is spending or cost incurred, all these require making decisions to strengthen the sustainability of the organization. Whether these are individual or corporate owned, there is need to gather information from consumers d irectly so as to offer products and services which will satisfy them (Albert & Kenneth, 2004). There is no business which operates within a vacuum. It is not very difficult to witness more than one organization which provides similar services, or companies selling goods within the same geographical area. Sometimes there goods which are originating from different companies present in retail outlets and customers do choose one item and leave the other. These decisions which customers make are based on several factors which attract them. In order to attract customers and influence their decisions to buy one product and leave another of the same type manufacturers spend so much in advertising their products to many people (Basil, 2010). The outcome of those promotional efforts is the large number of customers who demand for their products, thus boosting their capital base and profit. The quality of products or services also contributes much on the customers’ demand of those servi ces or products. It is important that clients take their time to provide goods and services which will be able to meet the basic standards in a given setting since every country has a board which oversees the sale and distribution of goods and services to ensure that consumers are protected from counterfeit products and services. Other external factors which affect a business organization include the political, legal and social systems in a particular country. It is important to understand the preferences of people you expect to be your customers for the products and services you offer. The behaviors, habits, customs and practices of people usually have a strong foundation which is sometimes very difficult to change. Therefore before you decide to invest in certain products while having a certain population in mind as your target population; it is important to consider the social nature of these people since it influences the purchasing habits of these people. The legal system is al so important in a given country since it lays a framework under which a business should operate. When investing in a foreign country it will be important to gather information on the laws which exist in that country so as to ensure you don’t incur unnecessary costs which come as fines due to breaking of business laws. These are some of the factors which aff

Main Problems Facing Pride Industries Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Main Problems Facing Pride Industries - Essay Example Pride Industries currently boasts of two departments of which one is the IFS, which is, undertakes activities such as clean room, commercial custodial and facilities maintenance, offering services in the military base operations and transportation. In addition, IFS provides specialized services to both private and public customers such as food services, maintenance of grounds, and provision of shipboard and commissary operations. The other division of the Pride Industries is the Manufacturing and Logistics Services (MLS) division. There is service provision such as offering production contracts to original manufactures of electronics, contract packaging, fulfilment services and supply chain solutions. Print services, mail and e-store to Fortune 10+ companies, as well as logistics services are also crucial for the company. HP as its service supplier of the year recognized the business in 2010. Pride Industries has its foundation with the core mission of creating employment opportunities for people with disabilities. There is an implication that, the company can have classification as a social enterprise whose main purpose is to fulfil a specified social need as well as make profits to support its operations. Pride Industries is facing various problems with respect to its operations as well as the company’s core social mission. Since its initiation, the core social mission of the pride companies was to provide employment to the disabled individuals in the society. However, the company is facing problems in integrating the long-term operations strategies into its core social responsibility. The major problem that arises is the adoption of more efficient and modern production line, which has an expectation to cost the company approximately $2.6 million. There is quite a high investment given the fact that most of the returns of the company have the direction towards the fulfilment of its core social mission or responsibility. Majority of the senior workers in the business including it director of finance operations and the vice president of the company’s sales operations are not optimistic about the current project by the company.  

Staphylococcus Aureus: Structure and Function

Staphylococcus Aureus: Structure and Function Staphylococcus was first discovered in 1880 by Alexander Ogston. Currently, more than 30 different species of the genus has been identified. The name Staphylococcus was derived from Greek, with the prefix Staphylo referring to bunches of grapes and the suffix coccus referring to granule (16). As the meanings suggest, bacteria from Staphylococcus are circular-shaped and their arrangement resembles bunches of grapes when observed under a microscope. Typically, a Staphylococcus has a diameter of approximately 1ÃŽÂ ¼m (21). The bacterial genus, Staphylococcus, will be isolated and identified in this project. This genus has been chosen to review because of its abundance on the skin of mammals and the pathogenic nature of one of its member, Staphylococcus aureus. Apart from skin infections, Staphylococcus aureus could mutate to form Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), which shows resistance to antibiotics. In both cases, these give rise to medical implications. In addition, the distinctive features of Staphylococcus aureus have increased the ease to isolate and identify it from other species in the genus via culturing and biochemical tests. The aim of the project is to isolate Staphylococcus aureus from a bundle of cat hairs and verify its identity via microscopic examination and biochemical tests. No human specimen is used due to the potential pathogenic property of the bacterium. It is intended that a pure culture of pathogenic Staphylococcus aureus is obtained. For the purposes of this project, the importance of Staphylococcus aureus to humans, its classification in terms of morphology and physiological properties, methods of isolation with the use of growth media and the technique of streak plating and identification by biochemical tests would be the four objectives to be addressed. Objective 1: Importance of Staphylococcus aureus to humans The importance of Staphylococcus aureus to humans would be outlined by a review of its cell structure, cell physiology and environmental niches, followed by the medical implications of Staphylococcus as a result of these properties. Cell structure As a member of the Bacteria domain, it is expected that Staphylococcus has bacterial cell structure. In other words, it lacks nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. The structural elements in a cell of Staphylococcus should include a cell membrane, cell wall, ribosome and nucleoid (6). Moreover, being one of the five genera from the family of Staphylococcaceae, Staphylococcus possesses specific cellular properties that are unique to this family. In particular, it is a cocci and gram-positive bacterium and this indicates that its cell wall is essentially composed of a thick layer of peptidoglycan (21). In addition to the above structures, Staphylococcus aureus possesses some special cellular structures that distinguish it from other species in the genus. This includes the possession of surface proteins that help attachment to proteins such as the fibronectin and fibrinogen-binding proteins involved in blood clotting (3). This cellular property may explain the pathogenic nature of Staphylococcus aureus, as infections might be caused by invasion via wounds. On the other hand, it is worthwhile to note that Staphylococcus does not have flagella and spores (16). That is to say, Staphylococcus aureus is non-motile. Cell physiology The cell physiology of Staphylococcus covers temperature, pH and oxygen requirements. Most Staphylococcus can grow at 45Â °C, but it is reasonable to predict that its optimal temperature for metabolism would be close to the body temperature of humans, which is 37Â °C (5). Concerning the optimum pH for metabolism, the enzymes in Staphylococcus work best in slightly alkaline medium, with a pH range of 7.4 to 7.6 (16). As for oxygen requirement, Staphylococcus is facultative anaerobic (21). This implies that Staphylococcus can grow regardless of the presence of oxygen, but the presence of oxygen would be more favorable. In the presence of oxygen, Staphylococcus utilizes glucose to carry out cellular respiration to generate energy for metabolism. Oxygen performs the role of a terminal electron acceptor and it is completely reduced to water (8). When oxygen is lacking or absent, Staphylococcus may undergo fermentation and lactic acid is the usual product (21). In the process, glucose is converted into substrate pyruvate, followed by its binding to the cofactor Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD+) to produce lactic acid (6). Moving on the ways Staphylococcus metabolize, as light is not readily available on skin surface and mucous membranes, it is proposed that Staphylococcus obtain energy via organic chemical compounds. Hence it is regarded as a chemotroph (21). The facultative anaerobic property of Staphylococcus may lead to a deduction that it utilizes organic carbon as the source of electron when oxygen is present. Though some Staphylococcus may use reduced forms of inorganic nitrates to generate electrons, its preference towards an aerobic atmosphere should define it as an organotroph (21). When comes to carbon source, Staphylococcus is a heterotrophy (12). That is to say, it attains its carbon source by utilization of organic substances such as sucrose for synthesis of metabolites (19). To summarize, Staphylococcus should be one of the members of the microbial group, Chemo-organotrophic heterotrophs. Environmental niches The environmental niches of Staphylococcus can be addressed by its interactions with the environment as to where it is found, the type of relationship it forms with other organisms and its capability of undergoing mutation. Staphylococcus is commonly found on the skin and mucous membranes of animals with stable body temperatures, including humans (15). Typically, the skin temperature of humans is approximately 32Â °C, which is reasonably close to the optimal temperature of 37oC (22). This enhances the growth of this microbe on skin. Moreover, the salty environment along skin surface due to the production of sweat may also account for the abundance of Staphylococcus in humans, since its enzymatic activity is optimal at more alkaline pH (17). Staphylococcus aureus specifically colonizes in nasal cavity, larynx and on the skin surface of humans (2). The colonization of Staphylococcus aureus is principally achieved by fibrinogen-binding proteins adhering to the epithelial cells of the humans and thus this may outline a host-parasitic relationship between Staphylococcus and humans (10). The interactions of Staphylococcus with the environment may also be underlined by mutation, which often occurs with Staphylococcus aureus. An example would be Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), a Staphylococcus aureus that is resistant particularly to the antibiotic, Methicillin (21). The mutation is caused by an alteration of the methicillin-resistance gene (mec A) coding for a penicillin-binding protein (4). This results in failure of antibiotics to cure infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus, which will be addressed in the medical implication section. Medical implications of Staphylococcus The features as in the cell structure, cell physiology and environmental niches of Staphylococcus can pose a great diversity of medical implications, which presents the importance of this bacterial genus. Statistics show that Staphylococcus aureus is present in 79% of healthy people (14). Though Staphylococcus may colonize on the skin surface of the host without causing any harms, its ubiquity can still present various medical issues. The MRSA mentioned previously would be one of the problems associated with Staphylococcus. Apart from methicillin, MRSA could show resistance against many other antibiotics such as penicillin and amoxicillin (1). The ineffectiveness of existing antibiotics to cure MRSA infections has resulted in fatality, and it is usually characterized by the incidence of septic shock and pneumonia (11). A rapid increase of MRSA infections has been observed over the decades. The rate of hospitalized MRSA infections was only 2% in 1974 but this figure increases dramatically to approximately 40% in 1997 (13). Consequently, this causes deaths of 19000 in the United States of America annually (11). As Staphylococcus colonies on skin surfaces and mucous membrane, skin infections and diseases associated with mucous membranes could be another medical implication. It is known that Staphylococcus aureus may cause Scalded Skin and Toxic Shock syndromes. Moreover, it may cause urinary tract infections and food poisoning (9). Objective 2: Classification of Staphylococcus The classification of Staphylococcus can be reviewed in terms of its morphology and some of the physiological properties stated above. Morphology The morphology of Staphylococcus can be described as cocci gram positive bacteria arranged in a cluster, which can be readily observed under microscope with the application of gram stain. A purple color would be observed. The reason for its cluster formation may be explained by its capability of undergoing binary fission in multiple planes with daughter cells remains proximal to each other (16). Physiological properties In terms of thermal requirement, Staphylococcus is classified as a mesophile. Regarding pH requirements, it falls into the category of neutrophile. Moreover, being a facultative anaerobe, Staphylococcus is catalase positive and it is generally considered a chemoorganotrophic heterotroph. In addition, Staphylococcus aureus is coagulase positive but not for other species in the genus. The absence of flagella indicates that Staphylococcus is a non-motile bacterium. Objective 3: Methods of Isolation of Staphylococcus The methods of isolation of Staphylococcus would include growing in medium followed by streak plating. Growth media To ensure optimum growth of Staphylococcus colonies, the sample of cat hairs should be enriched in nutrient broth with sodium chloride (NaCl) before plating on a nutrient agar. A nutrient broth normally consists of beef extract and peptone as fuels for growth (21). The temperature of incubation should be 37Â °C and the duration of incubation should be at least a day (20). This ensures that the Staphylococcus isolated can have sufficient time to grow at its optimum temperature. The addition of salt allows for a selective medium for Staphylococcus as it predominantly grows in salty environment. It also increases the pH of the medium to provide for a more alkaline environment to facilitate growth. Alternatively, a growth medium can be done via a Mannitol salt agar (MSA), which consists of 7.5% of NaCl and phenol red as a pH indicator. The medium is then incubated at 37Â °C for two days (14). MSA essentially acts as both a selective and differential medium. NaCl selects for saline-favored Staphylococcus and the pH indicator differentiates between Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Differentiation can be illustrated by the fact that Staphylococcus aureus utilizes mannitol in the agar for metabolism, and the generation of acidic product is indicated by a yellow color. However, this phenomenon does not apply to Staphylococcus epidermidis (21). Streak Plating Following enrichment, Staphylococcus in the medium can be transferred to an agar plate with nutrient broth and salt, by employment of aseptic techniques. At the same time, a transfer to an agar plate with only nutrient broth should be performed as a control set-up. This is to ensure the effectiveness of the selective media because other bacteria could grow on the agar plate if the medium was not set up properly. Afterwards, the plates would be incubated for a week at 37oC for at least a day as in the incubation of sample in the nutrient broth. Plating and incubation should be repeated a few times to make sure that the colonies grown are pure. Objective 4: Identification by biochemical tests The identity of Staphylococcus cannot be confirmed by carrying out the gram reaction alone due to the fact that a great variety of bacteria from other genus may also show gram positive reaction. Therefore, some biochemical tests have to be performed to verify that the bacteria isolated is in the genus of Staphylococcus and it is of the species Staphylococcus aureus. The catalase, Hugh and Leifsons oxidation fermentation and cogulase tests are regarded as the standard tests for identification of Staphylococcus aureus (18). The mechanism of the tests is outlined below. First of all, as Staphylococcus aureus is facultative anaerobic, it is expected that it contains enzymes to break down harmful products generated along the pathways of aerobic respiration. For instances, catalase breaks down superoxide radical hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to oxygen and water, which are less harmful (8). Therefore colorless gas bubbles can be observed when H2O2 is added to a colony of Staphylococcus aureus. Moreover, this property allows the Hugh and Leifsons oxidation fermentation test to be performed. The bacterial sample is inoculated in a tube of Hugh Leifsons medium for five days to generate an anaerobic environment (18). As Staphylococcus can undergo fermentation in the absence of oxygen, growth can be observed throughout the tube. At the same time, it is necessary to implement positive and negative controls in order to confirm results. This can be achieved by inoculating bacteria that are known to be fermentative and oxidative respectively in the Hugh Leifsons medium along with the sample of Staphylococcus aureus. Furthermore, the identification test between Staphylococcus aureus and other bacteria in the genus would be based on its reaction with coagulase. Staphylococcus aureus readily coagulates plasma but not for others species in the genus (21). To ensure accuracy of the test, it is preferable to test on colonies extracted from culture plates that are known to contain coagulase positive Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase negative Staphylococcus epididymis respectively. The former acts as a positive control, while the latter acts as a negative control. Conclusion In conclusion, Staphylococcus is a bacterial genus that can pose various medical implications and it can be grown, isolated and identified based on its, environmental niches, morphology, physiological and structural characteristics. The aims of isolating Staphylococcus aureus as a pure culture and identifying by morphology and biochemical tests can be addressed by a review of the four objectives as summarized below. Firstly, it is often found on epidermis of animal skins including humans and its ability to metabolize optimally at 37Â °C and at pH of 7.4-7.6 or salty environment makes it a potential pathogen to humans. In particular, the species Staphylococcus aureus can cause a great diversity of diseases and the mutated Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus could be fatal owing to its resistance to most antibiotics. Secondly, it can be classified in terms of morphology and some of the physiological characteristics. Its morphology is gram positive and non-motile cocci bacteria growing in clusters. It is a mesophile, nuetrophile and facultative anaerobe. It is catalase positive and only Staphylococcus aureus is coagulase positive. The energy, electron and carbon sources of Staphylococcus aureus can be described as chemo-organotrophic heterotrophic. Thirdly, regarding growth medium, the sample of cat hair should be enriched in a medium of sodium chloride before incubating on an agar plate of nutrient broth and salt. In both cases, incubation should be at 37oC for a day. The colonies should be streaked plated a few times to remove contaminants so as to ensure culture is pure. This increases the efficiency of isolation of Staphylococcus aureus. Lastly, Staphylococcus aureus can be identified by the catalase, Hugh Leifsons oxidation fermentation and coagulase tests. It is expected that bubbling is observed as a positive result in the catalase test. As for the Hugh Leifsons oxidation fermentation test, growth can be observed throughout the tube. In the coagulase test, clumping of plasma is seen as a positive result and this differentiates Staphylococcus aureus from other species in the genus. These tests establish the identity of Staphylococcus aureus.

Ray Bradburys The Martian Chronicles Essay -- Ray Bradbury Martian Ch

Ray Bradbury's The Martian Chronicles   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  If the Martian Chronicles had been written in the 1999’s instead of fifty years ago, many issues and problems would change. Ray Bradbury wrote his book in 1946. In it he wrote about problems such as censorship, man’s cruelty to man, and loneliness. Each issue shows up in one or two of his chronicles. All of his issues affect every one of his characters in many different ways.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Censorship is a main problem or issue today, and in the book it shows up in one of his chronicles, â€Å"Usher II†. In this chronicle, a man builds a house of Usher. One man points (he was from a group that was against all forms of imagination) out, â€Å"No books, no houses, nothing to be produced which in any way suggests ghosts, vampires, fairies, or any creature of imagination.† Yet in this house he saw all of these things and more.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The chronicle also brings up the issue of censoring certain books by authors such as Edgar Allen Poe. The house that is built is based on a house that is in one of Poe’s books. The unimaginative man is ignorant to the facts of Edgar A. P.’s books and does not even recognize the kind of death he was about to face that was directly copied out of a book. If it were to happen today and now, the only books that would be allowed would be schoolbooks, and even those books could not contain theories.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  That is the way censorship is brought up in the book. Today, however, it affects more than just books. It is used in movies, TV, news, magazines, and the Internet. Words, obscenity, and some vulgar things can be kept from the viewing audience. They can keep certain people, those seventeen and younger from seeing movies, TV, or Internet sites. In the book one character makes a point of saying, â€Å"ignorance is fatal.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Man’s cruelty to man is another issue in the Martian Chronicles that is and was a problem in the real world. In the book, it shows up in three chronicles, â€Å"Ylla†, â€Å"The Off Season†, and â€Å"Way in the Middle of the Air†. â€Å"Ylla† and â€Å"The Off Season† are more of family cruelty, while â€Å"Way in the Middle of the Air† deals more with racism. Both are reasons that people get hurt and even die for no reason. Or for a stupid reason like color or gender.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In â€Å"Ylla†, Ylla, or Mrs. K., is noticing that her marriage is not as fun as it used to be and her and her husband don’t go out anymore. Bu... ...family live on Mars. His real family had died years before. He was so lonely that he created robots to replace his dead family. He could not handle the fact that his family had died and left him to live alone. Many people, if they could, would bring back their diseased family members, loved but unforgotten.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Most people miss family and friends that have moved or died. Some just may be shy and not have friends. Loneliness is something one can’t do anything about. It will happen. You can’t even make a law against it because it is a feeling. Some get over there loneliness by meeting new people, but still others never get over it and live lonely.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  All of these issues mentioned are important today and it the book. Some have become better of over the last fifty years; some have become worse. Other issues not chosen affect life and the world too. Although these issues are still a problem, the world is what it is because of the, be that good or bad. Censorship, man’s cruelty to man, and loneliness will affect us even if we are on another planet. However that does not mean that we shouldn’t try to stop the problem. If we work together we can abolish the wrongs of this world!